小学英语介词（2）

介词

1）定义

介词preposition缩写prep.，又叫前置词，表示其后的名词或代词（或是相当于名词的其他短语或从句）与其他句子成分的关系。介词是一种虚词，不能单独在句中作成分。

2）介词的用法

1、表示时间的（at 、on、in、at、before ,after、by、 until、through、from、since、within）

(1)at:用于表示时刻，时间的某一点。
at noon

at noon

at noon在午时  at night在夜间  at present目前

(2)on:用于星期，某天，某一天的上午、下午、晚上(指具体的某一天时，一律用)  on sunday在星期天  on sunday morning 在星期天的上午 on march 8 在3月8日

(3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年、泛指上午、下午、晚上。
in 1999

in 1999

in 1999 在1999年  in November  在11月份 in summer 在夏季  in the afternoon在下午 过……后(未来时间)
 i think he will be back in an hour .

 i think he will be back in an hour .

 i think he will be back in an hour .我想他一小时后就会回来。

i heard that she would be back in a month.我听说她一个月后回来的。

(4)before：在……之前

  wei hua got up before 7 o’clock this morning .今天早晨，魏华在7点之前起床了。

(5)after：在……之后

 after that ,no noe should ever kill a seagull .  从那时起，任何人不得捕杀海鸥。

(6)by：在……前(时间)，截止(到)……
 by the time i arrived ,she had already gone .
 

 by the time i arrived ,she had already gone .

 

 by the time i arrived ,she had already gone .

 在我到达之前，她已经走了。

(7)for：达……之久(表示过了多少时间),可以和一般现在时，过去时，将来时连用，但是经常和完成时连用。

florence often worked for twenty-four hours without rest .

 弗洛沦斯常常工作24小时而不休息。

（8）during：在……期间

 during the lifetime of one man ,north america and europe  will more further apart by nearly two metres .

在一个人的一生期间，北美洲和欧洲由于漂移，其间的距离将要增加差不多两米。

(9）through：一直……(从开始到结束)
 he ,who led the united states through these years ,was shot  on april 14, 1865 ,at a theater in washington
 

 he ,who led the united states through these years ,was shot  on april 14, 1865 ,at a theater in washington

 

 he ,who led the united states through these years ,was shot  on april 14, 1865 ,at a theater in washington

 领导美国度过了这些年代的他，于1865年4月14日在美国华盛顿一家戏院里被人枪杀。

(10）from：从……起(时间)
 the worders were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening .

 the worders were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening .

 the worders were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening .工人们被迫从早7点工作到晚7点。

(11）since：自从……以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)
 since that time ,my eyes had never been very good.

 since that time ,my eyes had never been very good.

 since that time ,my eyes had never been very good.从那时起，我的眼睛一直不是很好。

(12)within:不……超过的范围

 he will arrive within an hour .他一小时内就人到。

2、表示地点（at、in、on 、under、over、above、below、near、by、between、among、around、around、in front of、behind、in 、into、out of、along、across、,through、to、for、from)
(1) at:

(1) at:

(1) at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所)
 at school

 at school

 at school上学    at home在家  at 320 xinfu district 在新抚区320号

 at the station 在火车站 
(2)in:

(2)in:

(2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)
 she will arrive in shanghai at ten .10

 she will arrive in shanghai at ten .10

 she will arrive in shanghai at ten .10点她将到达上海。

(3)表示地点方向的on ,under ,over ,above ,below
①on:

①on:

①on:在……上面，有接触面

 on the table 在桌子上面

②above:在……上方

 sometimes juliana could hear planes above the trees.

 有时朱莉安娜能听到树林上空的飞机声。

③over:在……正上方，是under的反义词

 over these tombs ,they built pyramids .在这些坟墓上，他们建起了金字塔。

④under：在……下面，在……之内

the twin sisters put the basket under the tree .这姐俩把篮子放到了树下。

⑤below：在……下方，(不一定是正下方)
three thousand metres below her ,she could see nothing except the thick jungle .
3000米以下，除了茂密的丛林之外，她什么也看不见。
(4)near ,by
①near:

three thousand metres below her ,she could see nothing except the thick jungle .

3000米以下，除了茂密的丛林之外，她什么也看不见。
(4)near ,by
①near:

(4)near ,by

①near:

three thousand metres below her ,she could see nothing except the thick jungle .

3000米以下，除了茂密的丛林之外，她什么也看不见。
(4)near ,by
①near:

(4)near ,by

①near:

(4)near ,by

①near:近的，不远的(=not far)是的反义词,near还可以指时间，in the near future在不远的将来。

 green’s lake was a small lake near his home .格林湖是他家附近的一个小湖。

②by:在……旁边，比的距离要近

juliana walked by the side of the river for six more long days .

朱莉安娜沿着河岸又走了足足6天。

(5)between ,among ,around

①between:在两者之间

 the differences between american english and british english are not very great .美国英语和英国英语之间的差别不是很大。

②among:在三者或者更多的之中

there are some american students among us .在我们中间有几个美国学校。

③around:环绕，在…..的周围，在……的四周

 they arrived at a valley with high mountains all around it .

他们到达了四周有高山环绕的山谷

(6)in front of ,behind

①in front of :在……的前面

 there is a car in front of the house .房子前面有一辆小汽车。

②behind :在…..后边

are there any cows behind the house ?房子后面有一些牛吗？

(7)in ,into ,out of

①in:在…..之内，用于表示静止的位置
 there are four girls in the room.

 there are four girls in the room.

 there are four girls in the room.房间里有4个女孩。

②into:进入,用于表示有特定终点的运动方向，通常用于表示动作的动作之后。如:come ,go ,walk ,jump ,run..
 she took me from the hall into my classroom .

 she took me from the hall into my classroom .

 she took me from the hall into my classroom .她把我从门厅带进我的教室里边去。

(8)along ,across ,through

①along:沿着

 go along zhongshan road and turn right at the second crossing .

 沿着中山路走然后在第二个十这路口向右拐。

②across:横过(平面物体)
very slowly,the continents are moving across the face of the world .

very slowly,the continents are moving across the face of the world .

very slowly,the continents are moving across the face of the world .

各个洲在地球表面缓缓漂移。

③through:贯通，通过

the students walked through the gate with uncle wang .

学生们随着王叔叔通过大门。

(9)to ,for ,from

①到达……地点(目的地)或方向

 where’s jack? he has gone to london.杰克上哪了？他去伦敦了。

②for：表示目的，为了……
do you know what he comes here for ?

do you know what he comes here for ?

do you know what he comes here for ? 你知道他为什么来这儿吗？

③from：从……地点起

 how far is it from london to new york?  从伦敦到纽约有多远？

3、表示手段和材料的介词用

（1）with
①

①

①和……在一起

these plates keep moving ,like great ships ,carrying the continents with them .

这些板块载着各个大陆，像航船一样不断地漂移。

②具有，带有

a person with good manners is always kind and  polite.

有礼貌的人总是和和气气，彬彬有礼的。

③用某种工具或方法

he could swim with some special swimming shoes.

 穿着一些特制的游泳鞋，他能游泳。

(2）in:表示用什么材料(例如：墨水，铅笔等)或用什么语言。表示衣着，声调特点时，不用with而用in。

what’s this in english. 这个用英语怎么说？

(3）by:通过……方法，手段

what do you mean by the word“island”？ “island”是什么意思

 i prefer traveling by train .我更喜欢乘火车旅行。

4、其他

(1） of , from
①of 

①of 

①of  属于)……的，表示…..的数量或种类

 it was beginning of the term .这是学期开始的时候。

②from:来自(某地，某人)，以….起始

 she is a lady from canada .她是一位加拿大的女士。

(2)without ,like ,as

①without :没有，是with的反义词

she often worked for twenty-four without rest .她通常工作24小时而不休息。

②like:像……一样 
like many children of her age ,ding fang is a young pioneer .

like many children of her age ,ding fang is a young pioneer .

like many children of her age ,ding fang is a young pioneer .

像很多同龄的孩子一样同，丁芳是个少先队员。

③as:作为they are carrying us as passengers.它们把我们当作乘客运载着。

(3)against:反对。靠着

 everyone tried to fight against the locusts .所有的人奋力扑打蝗虫。

(4) about: ①关于，各处，四周

nightingale wrote a book about nursing .南丁格尔写了一部关于护理方面的书。

②询问某人，某物的情况或提出建议
what about your family ?

what about your family ?

what about your family ? 你家里人怎么样？

3）口 诀

口诀1:年月周前要用in，日子前面却不行。遇到几号要用on，上午下午又是in。要说某日上下午，用on换in才能行。午夜黄昏用at，黎明用它也不借。 at也在时分前，说“差”用to，说“过”要用part。

口诀2: in在……里，  out在……外，在旁边的是beside，靠近的为by 。 on在……上，under在……下，  above在上头，  below在底下。

口诀3: this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯。 over、under正上下，above、below则不然，若与数量词连用，混合使用亦无关。' beyond超出、无、不能，against靠着，对与反。besides，except分内外，among之内along沿。同类比较except，加for异类记心间。

口诀4:before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。 before能接完成时，ago过去极有限。 since以来during间，since时态多变换。 与之相比beside，除了last but one。

口诀5：

①早、午、晚要用in  例：in the morning 在早上 in the afternoon 在下午

in the evening 在晚上 in the day 在白天

②黎明、午、夜、点与分用at 例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候 at noon 在中午 at night 在夜间 at midnight 在午夜 at six o'clock 在6点钟 at 7：30 (seven thirty) 在7点半 at half past eleven 在11点半 at nine fifteen 在9点15分     at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分 at the weekend 在周末

③年、月、年月、季节、周用in。　例；in 1986 在1986年 in 1927 在1927年 in april 在四月 in march 在三月 in december 1986 1986年12月 in july l983 1983年7月 in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季 in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季 in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周 in the third week 在第三周

④阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 雨用in，在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。

例：don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。 they are reviewing their lessons in the bright light.   他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。 they are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。he went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下 the woman in white  穿着白色衣服的妇女

 ⑤将来时态in...以后  例: they will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。  i'll come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。 we'll be back in no time. 我们一会儿就回来。 come and see me in two days' time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始)   after... (从过去开始)

⑥小处at大处in  
 i'm in liaoning, at anshan.

 i'm in liaoning, at anshan.

 i'm in liaoning, at anshan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市．

有形with无形by，语言 、单位、材料in
 

 

  例：the workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路。(有形)    the teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen.
 

 

 这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)
 

 

  "taking tiger mountain by strategy" is a good opera.
 <<

 <<

 <<智取威虎山>>是-出好戏。(无形)
 

 

  the product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil. 这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。 (表示方式、手段、方法--无形)
 

 

  i really can't express my idea in english freely in-deed．

我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。 (表示某种语言用in)
the kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system

the kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system．

公里是米制中最长的长度单位。 (表示度、量、衡单位的用in )
 this board was cast in bronze not in gold.

 this board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的，不是金铸的。

⑦特征、方面与方式、心情成语惯用in
 

 特征或状态：
 they found the patient in a coma.

 they found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。
 he has not been in good health for some years.

 he has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。
 the house was in ruins.

 the house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。
 her clothes were in rags.

 her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。

还有一些心理短语也用in，如： in jest 诙谐地，in joke 开玩笑地，in spite 恶意地， in fairness 公正地，in  revenge 报复, in mercy 宽大，in sorrow 伤心地等。

⑧介词at、to表方向，攻击、位置、善、恶、分"。

介词at和to都可以表示方向; 用at表示方向时，侧重于攻击的目标，往往表示恶意；用to表示方向时，突出运动的位置或动作的对象，侧重表示善意。

she came at me. 她向我扑过来。
 she came to me.

 she came to me. 她向我走过来。
 he shouted at the old man.

 he shouted at the old man. 他大声喝斥那老人。
 he shouted to the old man.

 he shouted to the old man. 他大声向那老人说
 she talked at you just now.

 she talked at you just now. 她刚才还说你坏话呢。
 she talked to you just now.

 she talked to you just now. 她刚才还同你谈话呢.
 she threw a bone at the dog.

 she threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗。
she threw a bone to the dog.

she threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃